Bromo Heritage Ancient Mountain

BROMO

Based on historical records, ancient mountain was not just a monopoly of Lake Toba. One of the other ancient volcano has a caldera that we know as sand Tengger caldera.

Caldera is the center of the explosion that more than 2 kilometers in diameter, while the crater is the center of the eruption of a diameter less than 2 kilometers.

According to the Head subfields Volcano Observation Center Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Geology Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Agus Budianto, when contacted from Jakarta on Wednesday (11/24/2010), Mount Bromo in East Java is the mountain that appears due to the activity of Mount Bromo ancient in the past. Not yet clear how many tens of thousands of years ago these ancient volcano erupted.

"Kalderanya is the caldera of sand that we know today. In the vicinity of the caldera area of sand and then emerged a few mountains in addition to Mount Bromo, among them is Mount Batok and Mount Widodaren. Caldera model like this is very common in Indonesia. This comes from a huge mountain, megavulkano. In addition to Bromo caldera and the caldera of Lake Toba, also there is the caldera of Krakatoa which gave birth to Mount Anak Krakatau, which gave birth to the caldera of Mount Batur Batur existing child, and caldera Maninjau to Mount Maninjau, "said Agus.

Lake Toba Caldera, which erupted about 70,000 years ago, according to him is the result of volcano activity and tectonic activity.

Of note is the Chronicle Ngayogyakarta, Mount Bromo erupted on December 28, 1822 and only stopped in January 1823. In the 1822 eruption of Mount Merapi as well (Kompas Yogyakarta, 19/11), Mount Slamet (Central Java), Mount Kelud (East Java), and Thunder Mountain (West Java). In the same year five mountain erupted.

Erupted in the year together
 
While based on the Basic Data book published in 1979 Indonesian volcano, Mount Bromo recorded eruption in 1822 along with the Mount Merapi, Mount Galunggung, and Mount Lamongan. Book catalog reference Indonesian volcanoes with eruptions in historical time is compiled from various references that existed since the colonial era.

Based on data in the book, Mount Bromo has erupted 43 times-plus the eruption in 2004. However, the site mentions http://geodesy.gd.itb.ac.id has erupted 50 times since 1775. Notes of the Basic Data Volcano Indonesia, is the oldest eruption in 1804.

According to Neumann van Padang (Indonesia Volcano Data Base, 1979) in the sand caldera of Tengger Mountains there are seven centers of eruption in the two paths cross, one on the east-west direction and the other line northeast-southwest. Mount Bromo is in the axis northeast-southwest.

This mountain is the only one still active volcano of Mount Bromo Ancient heritage. The crater in the east-west lines reached 600 meters, while the crater in the north-south diameter of 800 meters. A railroad show, moving in the direction of eruption centers north. In March 1983 formed a lake in the crater.
In history, the eruption of Mount Bromo no lava flow. Abu vulkaniknya been recorded damaging plantations surrounding the eruption that occurred in 1915 and 1948. Longest eruption occurred in 1842, namely on 24 January to June.
From the same site written last eruption occurred on June 8, 2004 and actually ended on June 9, 2004. Major eruption occurred only about 20 minutes. The eruption is freatik, forming a column of ash up to 3,000 meters altitude above the lip of the crater. Material ejected ash and gravel up to a radius of 300 meters (compared with Merapi ash that can be spread through the clouds heat up more than 4 kilometers).
The data contained on the website of the Scientific Group http://geodesy.gd.itb.ac.id of Geodesy Faculty of Science and Technology Earth ITB about Bromo Volcano Deformation Monitoring with GPS, type-A volcano is the youngest volcano in the area of the caldera Tengger, namely Mount Widodaren, Chair, Segorowedi, and Shell.

Tengger Caldera itself in the site mentioned measuring 9 km x 10 km, surrounded by steep cliffs with a height of between 50 meters and 500 meters. Mountain range in the caldera of Mount Tengger volcanic rock surrounded by ancient-called by Agus as Mount Bromo Antique.

And now, the caldera of sand covered for any activity. In fact, at the Bromo "rest", caldera, particularly on weekends, will be packed with tourists in the country and abroad. They are willing to berdingin-dawn cold to enjoy the first that can be witnessed from the edge of the caldera. A beauty of the mute. (ARI)

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Limosoa Survivors From Tsunami Ferociously

Hundreds of people become victims of the tsunami that swept the Mentawai Islands region recently. Residents who are victims generally fail to save themselves or even do not get early warning of the arrival of the giant waves according to the analysis, the high expected to reach 14 meters.

However, there is a hamlet in the Mentawai which turned out to all its citizens safe from disaster. Indeed, not many residents of the village. There are only seven houses there. However, the success of all the villagers to save themselves should be a study to deal with the threat of tsunamis in the future.

"Residents in the hamlet of South Pagai Limosoa in the region entirely safe even though the houses were all destroyed. There were no fatalities in the village," said Dr. Danny Hilman, geologists from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in a press conference held in Building Council Consideration of the President, on Friday (19/11/2010).

Danny said that education about earthquakes and their potential spread is very important in society. The residents are safe thanks to the understanding of earthquakes. In the village, there was a good transfer of knowledge between the children and the elderly. Children who have good understanding of the earthquake from the school notify the parents.


"Parents know about the earthquake instead of her children. In the meantime, his own children to get education from the school," said Hilman. Thus, when an earthquake is felt, the whole population to rush to escape to higher ground in anticipation of a tsunami.

What happened in this village, according to Danny, could be a good example for other regions. From this experience, he said that education about the earthquake and tsunami has become paramount. Good understanding of the earthquake and tsunami capable of rescuing people from disasters.

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Slow Earthquake Causes Tsunami 14 Meters

The team of researchers from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in collaboration with research institutes in Singapore and the U.S. finds startling facts about the tsunami in the Mentawai. They just got back from the Mentawai associated with post-tsunami research mission that aims to detect tsunami wave length and wave height.

"The earthquake which occurred slowly and long enough it can cause tsunami waves with a length of 8 meters and wave height of 14 meters," said Dr. Danny Hilman, geologists LIPI in a press conference held at the Building Advisory Council President, Jakarta, Friday (19/11 / 2010). Also attending the press conference researcher Hermann Fritz and Jose Borrero of the United States.

Danny said that the tsunami waves generated by earthquakes in the Mentawai somewhat higher. Tsunami wave itself tends to lead to the south so many areas that were swept. Meanwhile, the tsunami wave height in the north itself is only 5 to 6 meters.

Jose Borrero claimed to be surprised by the discovery that the tsunami height. He does not think that earthquakes are not so perceived people around it can cause a tsunami is very high.

Slow earthquake
 
The quake was a slow earthquake (earthquake quake lambatatau swing), as happened several years ago and cause a tsunami in Pangandaran. In his research, he also explained that when the community was experiencing confusion with the earthquake that occurred.

"People (Mentawai) was also confused because the earthquake was much less pronounced but why happened in a long time," said Borrero continued his statement. Confusion is what causes people doubt whether to save themselves or not. Finally, the confusion that lead to casualties that BESA so quake followed by tsunami. According to him, the tsunami that killed nearly 40 percent of the Mentawai.

After the earthquake occurred a few moments, the Mentawai people actually began to stand and save themselves. "After hearing the roar of the tsunami that disclosed such as jet aircraft, new residents fled to the hills, but too late," said Danny.

Borrero said, the people of Java and Sumatra was already aware of the earthquake and possible tsunami. But perhaps, slow earthquake is still a new phenomenon for the Mentawai people, although not new in Indonesia and the real world.

In order for these events do not recur, people need to get a pen getahuan about when to save themselves. "If an earthquake occurs in the duration of 30 seconds must have his strength was reached 7 on the Richter scale (SR). If it's more than one minute would have reached 8 on the Richter scale (SR). At that time, people had to flee or be evacuated," he continued.

According to him, the community must begin to recognize and alert. However, people should not fear the quake and tsunami, but people just have to understand it and beware. Beware!

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Masato Iguchi Measure the Volume of Magma Merapi

Measuring the volume of magma Merapi volcano, said Masato Iguchi, as its main his program. He said when monitoring Merapi activity together with the head of BPPTK Surono, at Office of BPPTK Yogyakarta on Wednesday (10/11/2010).

"How much magma is left to be the most important programs. We do not know how many volumes now," Iguchi said. He visited Indonesia to investigate the current activity of Merapi, which according to some circles of the ordinary.

He will work with referrals from Surono and a number of other experts. It is said Surono, the presence of foreign experts not because of local human resources are not capable, but because of Merapi is a natural laboratory that is open to all researchers.

"This is not because it is not capable, but because of Merapi is a natural laboratory, which every expert can examine it," said Surono.

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What is Merapi Lava Dome ?

Magma with high density and viscosity when the exit to the surface will experience a cooling which then settle and accumulate in the crater to form a mound of lava dome. If the growing lava dome exceeds specific limits related to the strength, thickness, and slope and by the force of gravity, then the dome will collapse to produce pyroclastic avalanches.

Lava dome has an important role in the process of eruption, which are the hallmark of Merapi, which is a lava dome growth and destruction. Lava dome can be observed visually. An important parameter to be monitored in general is the morphology, volume, and the topographical location of dome growth.

Before the technique of photography was invented, the dome observation analysis is done through hand sketches. Once the camera photography with film discovered and developed, gradually shifting the role of the sketch.

In the current era, the development of digital photography technology helps the analysis process more accurate observation dome. Satellite photos, the cost is very expensive, sometimes very necessary as a comparison of photographs taken from the earth's surface.

Basic information Merapi

Geographic Location: Java, Central Java and Yogyakarta. Type: stratovolcano Dimensions (approximate): Diameter 28 km, the area of 300-400 km2, volume 150 km3 highest point (WGS-84): Garuda Peak 2987 meters, the coordinates of 7 "32'25 .39 S 110" 26'49 .02 "E

Geodinamika Context: Convergence of the Indo-Australian Plate with the Asian continental plates.

Petrology: basaltic-andesitic magma type. Eruption dynamics: leleran lava dome formation, there was hot clouds, and occasionally explosive. (Source: BPPTK Yogyakarta).

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What is "Wedhus Gembel" ?

"Wedhus Gembel" aka the sheep is not really a lot of animals reared in the vicinity of Yogyakarta and Central Java. However, the name sounds familiar wedhus trash for residents in the vicinity of Mount Merapi. "Wedhus Gembel" this is not a hairy goat, but nicknames for hot rolling clouds that often accompany the eruption of Merapi.

Citing Investigation and Technology Development Agency Kegunungapian (BPPTK), Merapi hot clouds consist of two parts. First, the rock fragments of various sizes, including the size of dust, and second, the blob of gas temperature 200-700 degrees Celsius.

These two aspects are mixed in a turbulent flow rate of more than 80 miles per hour. Which killed many citizens of the slopes of Merapi some time ago even reach speeds of 200 km per hour while down from the ridge. Volcanic ash cloud spread from the hot flying and deposited by wind magnitude and direction.

Hot clouds sliding distance generally depends on the volume and the formation and move to follow the topography and valley sungai.Volume greater will reach more remote areas due to the influence of momentum and other effects. No wonder when the big eruption, heat clouds can reach up to 15 kilometers. Pyroclastic eruption usually can flow as far more than 8 kilometers from the summit.

In addition to volume, hot clouds sliding distance is also affected by higher temperatures, more gas content, and has a lateral initial velocity at maturity. With more gas conditions and high temperatures, "Wedhus Gembel" certainly destroy anything he encountered. So whoever was around Merapi should not want to meet with the "beast" on this one.

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Clouds Heat 65 Kilometers Hoaxx

Head of Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian (BPPTK) Yogyakarta Subandrio asserted incorrectly will happen hot clouds as far as 65 kilometers from the summit of Mount Merapi. According to him, it only issues and gossip only.

"People were asked to remain calm, do not panic, because in history of Merapi unprecedented heat clouds glide that far," he said, in Yogyakarta on Sunday (07/11/2010). Previously circulated information via the Internet that Mount Merapi would issue a heat clouds as far as 65 kilometers as reported in "SILET" infotainment show on RCTI.

"People do not have affected the issue, and heat clouds glide may not exceed a distance of up to a predetermined safe zone that is beyond 20 kilometers," he said. Therefore, he said, people should remain calm, and follow the plea competent institution such as the Center of Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Agency, Geological and (BPPTK).

Subandrio said the hot clouds are still there. Gendol times even at this time is filled with pyroclastic deposits, because the hot clouds occurred continuously since the eruption on October 26, 2010. Gendol time now is full with hot clouds of sediment, and if it still continues to grow with the same volume, so if there is hot clouds leading to the river could luncurnya distance away. Although heat can clouds glide away, said Subandrio not be more than 20 kilometers.

"However, to watch out, hot clouds at Merapi, this happens continuously, and every time luncurannya can change direction," he said. So, he said, if there are citizens into unsafe zone, it is very risky. "Therefore, so citizens do not often see cattle are still in the unsafe zone, the cow should be taken down or evacuated, or how to better sell," he said.

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The movement of Tropical Storm Orchid

Delivery of aid to tsunami victims in the Mentawai Islands estimated would be hampered in the next few days. This happens because the formation of tropical cyclones in the waters west of Sumatra. This would cause sea waves rising and significant weather changes in the area.

According to data reported by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center or Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (its counterpart) Jakarta managed Climatology Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), Monday (11/01/2010), has now formed a storm or tropical cyclone, named Orchid . The storm formed since Sunday.

"The direction of motion of the southeast, the speed of 5 knots (10 km / h), moving away from the territory of Indonesia," according to information on Tropical Cyclone Information Bulletin this morning. This tropical storm is expected to generate an increasingly fast wind with maximum wind speed is 55 knots (100 km / h) tomorrow. In fact, the storm is expected to generate winds up to 130 km / hour on Wednesday. Cyclone is predicted to happen until a week since appeared on Sunday noon.

The impact of tropical storm weather in Indonesia. Orchid tropical cyclone impact of strong winds over 25 knots are expected to occur in the Mentawai Islands, Bengkulu, West Sumatra's west coast, and Lampung.

"Significant wave height more than 3 meters likely occurred in the waters west of the Mentawai Islands west to the waters of Lampung and southern Sunda Strait. Waves significantly more than 4 meters likely occurred in the waters west of Bengkulu," explained BMKG.

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Two Kilometers Safe Limits of Krakatoa

JAKARTA, Lately, the media horrendous news about the threat of eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau with the status of alert. Presentation of news seem ludicrous as if the volcano will erupt.

The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Surono asserted, the volcano alert status is nothing new. "It's been a long alert. He's not going to the next grade. Previously, Merapi has also been vigilant," said Surono told reporters shortly before attending the plenary cabinet meeting at the Presidential Office, Jakarta, Monday (11/01/2010).

Surono asserted, for residents or tourists located about two kilometers from the volcano, they remain safe. It has also been confirmed Surono to Banten Governor Ratu Atut Chosiyah who had asked the security of Mount Anak Krakatau. The reason is, there are a number of foreign tourists who questioned the security of the volcano.

According to Surono, currently there are 19 volcanoes in Indonesia with the status of alert, including Krakatoa. In addition, there are two volcanic alert status, such as the Mountain Mother of Halmahera in North Maluku and Karangetang. Surono rate it fair. "Naturally. Indonesia has the largest volcano in the world. Activities ordinary, routine," he said.

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